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Curriculum - 11th Grade Standards - Kansas History Standards - 1877-1930 (Kansas_Benchmark 1)

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A. A. Hamilton to Arthur Capper

A. A. Hamilton to Arthur Capper
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: March 5, 1915
In this letter, A. A. Hamilton of Pittsburg, Crawford County, argues that Kansas does not need a child labor law. According to Hamilton, there should be limitations on the number of hours that children can work, but he does not see why able-bodied youth should be prevented from getting an after-school job. Attached to the letter is a clipping from the St. Louis Globe Democrat regarding child labor legislation. In 1915 the Industrial Welfare Act declared that minors could not be employed in any industry or occupation that may be detrimental to their welfare.


Aged German is given 48 hours to leave city!

Aged German is given 48 hours to leave city!
Creator: Topeka Journal
Date: February 19, 1918
This article published in the Topeka Journal covers the story of Daniel Klege. Klege, a 75 year old resident of Topeka, Kansas, and veteran of the Civil War, was ordered to leave Topeka until the end of the war with Germany because he had never registered to become a naturalized U.S. citizen.


A. J. Dyck to Arthur Capper

A. J. Dyck to Arthur Capper
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: April 23, 1918
Reverend A. J. Dyck of the Hoffnungsau Mennonite Church, Inman, Kansas, wrote this letter to Governor Arthur Capper of Topeka, Kansas, concerning the Third Liberty Loan drive and its impact on the German American community. Dyck explains that the members of his church have bought more than the amount of Liberty Loans required by the established quota in order to prove their loyalty and avoid harassment by "mobs." In addition, Dyck asks Capper if it would be acceptable for members of his church to donate to the Red Cross rather than providing money to support the war effort.


Alien enemies' wives are loyal

Alien enemies' wives are loyal
Creator: Topeka Capital
Date: January 1, 1918
This article printed in the Topeka Capital details an incident involving Charles H. Johnson and Joseph Fisckale, both of whom expressed sympathies for the Germany and Austria. Turned in by their American-born wives, Johnson and Fisckale were "sent to a place of safe keeping until after the war."


Alien registration card for Vena Peters Schock

Alien registration card for Vena Peters Schock
Date: July 25, 1918
This Alien registration Card, issued by the U.S. Department of Justice to Vena Peters Schock of Topeka, KS, was issued during World War I due to Schock's status as a non-naturalized citizen of the United States. During World War I many German Americans were issued similar registration cards that they had to carry at all times. If a non-naturalized German American was stopped without their card, they could face imprisonment until hostilities between Germany and the United States ceased.


All alien enemies liable to arrest

All alien enemies liable to arrest
Creator: Topeka Capital
Date: June 19, 1917
This article, published in the June 19, 1917, edition of the Topeka Capital addresses the law prohibiting German immigrants who were not naturalized U.S. citizens from entering the Topeka Business District without a special permit from the U.S. Marshall Office. Anyone violating the law could be placed in jail without trial until the end of the war.


Are You With or Against the Hun?

Are You With or Against the Hun?
Creator: Canton Pilot
Date: April 25, 1918
This article, published in the April 25, 1918, edition of the Canton Pilot, encourages readers to buy Liberty Bonds in order to "show the world where you stand."


Bank president is removed for unloyal conduct

Bank president is removed for unloyal conduct
Creator: Topeka Capital
Date: June 5, 1918
This article, published in the June 5, 1918, edition of the Topeka Capital, details the removal of Wamego State Bank president and director Loius B. Leach due to "slackerism." Specifically, Leach refused to buy Liberty Loans, would not donate to the Red Cross, and encouraged his son-in-law to evade the draft. In adddition to his removal, Leach was the target of mobs who painted his vehicle yellow and demanded that he fly the America flag.


Buy liberty bonds or see U.S. lose

Buy liberty bonds or see U.S. lose
Creator: Canton Pilot
Date: May 2, 1918
This article, published in the Canton Pilot, strongly encourages readers to buy Liberty Bonds in order to win the war against Germany.


Charles Schock alien registration card

Charles Schock alien registration card
Date: February 25, 1918
This alien registration card, from the U.S. Department of Justice to Charles Schock of Topeka, Kansas, was issued during World War I due to Schock's statue as a non-naturalized citizen of the U.S. During World War I many German Americans were issued similar registration cards that they had to carry at all times. If a non-naturalized German American was stopped without their card, they could face imprisonment until hostilities between Germany and the U.S. ceased.


Charles Schock permit

Charles Schock permit
Date: 1918
This card, issued by the U.S. Marshall, District of Kansas, is similar to many issued during World War I to German Americans that had not yet attained U.S. citizenship. This card permits Charles Schock to pass through areas otherwise forbidden to anyone classified as a resident alien such as the area near the state house and fairgrounds in downtown Topeka, Kansas.


Child labor

Child labor
Creator: The Club Member
Date: December 1907
This article, published in a women's club magazine, discusses the importance of the child labor laws in Kansas. These laws improved child welfare and worked alongside school truancy laws. The article also discusses the duties of industrial inspectors and the areas of the system that need improvement. Toward the end of the article, the unnamed author also cites statistics to place Kansas within a national context; Kansas was one of nine states that prohibited employment of children under the age of 14 in factories, stores, offices, hotels, laundries, theaters, bowling alleys, and bakeries.


Child labor and woman suffrage

Child labor and woman suffrage
Creator: The Club Member
Date: January 1907
This brief article in The Club Member describes the problem of child labor, arguing that in states where women had the right to vote "child labor and illiteracy have ceased to be problems." This information is taken from an article called "Treason of the Senate" by David Graham Phillips.


Children working in Kansas beet fields

Children working in Kansas beet fields
Date: 1922
This photograph shows children working in a Kansas beet field. According to the notation on the back of the photograph, this image appeared in William H. Cape's thesis, Child Labor in Kansas, completed in 1948.


Daisy L. Gulick to Vicente Villamin

Daisy L. Gulick to Vicente Villamin
Creator: Gulick, Daisy L.
Date: June 27, 1928
This letter by Daisy Gulick, Factory Inspector in the Women's Division of the Kansas Court of Industrial Relations, was written in response to Vicente Villamin's inquiry about a report on child labor in Kansas beet fields that had been written in 1922. Gulick wrote that no copies of this report were left, but that from her personal experience she could confidently state that there was no exploitation of child labor during the beet harvest. Children in Kansas over ten years old could be excused from school for two weeks during the harvest, provided that they made up the schoolwork that they missed.


Disloyalists are warned

Disloyalists are warned
Creator: Inman Review
Date: April 26, 1918
This article, published in the Inman Review, covers the Barton County Night Riders. The Night Riders, a vigilante group of self-proclaimed loyalists, claimed that their mission was to "clean up the country of German spies, German sympathizers and dirty slackers." In addition, the Night Riders threatened to take care of disloyalty in communities "largely populated by people either of German birth or decent."


Either for or against it

Either for or against it
Creator: Newton Evening Kansan-Republica
Date: April 6, 1917
This article, published in the Newton Evening Kansan-Republican, addresses the need for all Americans, regardless of their ancestry or background, to support the U.S. in its war against Germany. The article warns against disloyalty and argues that speaking one's mind about the correctness of the U.S. cause is a necessity.


Emma Grimm to Arthur Capper

Emma Grimm to Arthur Capper
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: November 27, 1917
Emma Grimm of Sabetha, Nemaha County, wrote this letter to Governor Arthur Capper regarding the child labor law that prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in any mercantile establishment. Grimm believes that if children do not learn the value of work at a young age, "then they get stubern and want there own way and that does not work good." Her son Theodore had recently been let go from his job as a grocery delivery boy, which apparently upset him greatly. Theodore was mentioned by name in a letter by another Sabetha citizen, Ralph Tennal, dated December 2, 1917, and in Commissioner P.J. McBride's letter, dated December 8, 1917.


Executive Clerk to Herman Buckman

Executive Clerk to Herman Buckman
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: May 24, 1915
Reply from the Executive Clerk of Kansas to Herman Buckman in response to Buckman's letter to Governor Arthur Capper regarding U.S. citizenship. The Executive Clerk explains that Buckman should re-file his petition for naturalization despite the fact that relations between Germany and the U.S. are tense as a result of World War I.


Fred Robertson to Charles H. Sessions

Fred Robertson to Charles H. Sessions
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: April 17, 1917
Fred Robertson of the United State Attorney's Office, Kansas City, writes the secretary to Governor Arthur Capper, Charles H. Sessions in response to a letter he received. The letter acknowledges receipt of a letter from W. A. Lewis of Pence (Scott County), who is alarmed by the behavior of a German neighbor. During World War I, citizens suspicious of the patriotic allegiances of their neighbors often sent reports of such suspicions to the Governor. The Governor's Office often forwarded these reports to the United States District Attorney for investigation.


Fred Robertson, United States District Attorney, to Charles H. Sessions, secretary to Governor Arthur Capper

Fred Robertson, United States District Attorney, to Charles H. Sessions, secretary to Governor Arthur Capper
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: July 9, 1917
United States District Attorney Fred Robertson of Kansas City (Wyandotte County) writes to Charles H. Sessions, secretary to Governor Arthur Capper, of Topeka (Shawnee County). The letter regards Session's request to send government agents to Wilson (Ellsworth County) to apprehend suspected German sympathizers. During WWI, the Governor's office occasionally contacted the United States District Attorney's office in Kansas City regarding concerns over suspected pro-German elements in local communities, usually at the request of local residents.


German School Question

German School Question
Creator: Marion Record
Date: September 13, 1917
This article, published in the Marion Record, responds to charges that Marion County schools taught German and advocated support for the Kaiser and Germany.


Governor Arthur Capper's slackers file

Governor Arthur Capper's slackers file
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: 1917-1918
During American involvement in World War I, Kansas Governor Arthur Capper kept this file of correspondence on suspected German sympathizers and persons thought to be disloyal to the U.S. government. Such persons were commonly referred to as "slackers." The file includes letters from Kansas residents informing the governor of suspected sympathizers or dissidents, letters from Governor Capper to accused residents, letters from accused residents to the governor denying such charges, and letters between the governor's office and various local and federal agencies. Early and widespread, public opposition to American involvement in WWI gave way to fervent patriotism and intolerance of dissent shortly after America entered the conflict in April of 1917. Several federal initiatives under President Woodrow Wilson (such as the Committee on Public Information, the Espionage Act of 1917, and the Sedition Act of 1918) contributed to the domestic war hysteria and placed severe limits on individual civil liberties.


Governor Arthur Capper to Phil Crab

Governor Arthur Capper to Phil Crab
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: June 11, 1918
Governor Arthur Capper of Topeka (Shawnee County) writes to Phil Crab of Ada (Ottawa County) requesting that he donate to the Red Cross. The Governor's request was prompted by a letter from Ottawa County Attorney, Lee Jackson, who informed the Governor of the resident's refusal to donate and the subsequent threats made by local residents against him. During WWI, persons whose allegiance to the United States was suspect were often referred to as "slackers." In his letter, the Governor encourages Mr. Crab to support the war by donating to the Red Cross and assures him that he will be considered a "disloyal citizen" or "slacker" if he does not. See Lee Jackson to Governor Arthur Capper, 8 June 1918.


Governor Arthur Capper to William Howard Taft

Governor Arthur Capper to William Howard Taft
Creator: Kansas. Governor (1915-1919: Capper)
Date: March 19, 1918
Kansas Governor Arthur Capper of Topeka writes William Howard Taft, former President of the United States, to assure him that Kansas will "enter heartily and vigorously into the campaign" to sell Liberty bonds. Capper informs Taft that the state had already lined up many of the "ablest speakers" in the state to help the campaign achieve success. Bond drives were an attempt to raise money to support the Unites States' involvement in World War I.


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